In Thailand, tribal community struggles to preserve traditional identity as modernity encroaches

In the lush forests of southern Thailand along the Malay Peninsula, the Mani people have lived in harmony with nature for generations. 

But as the modern world encroaches upon their traditional lands, members of this indigenous community find themselves grappling with the inevitable consequences of change. About 1,000 Mani people live in Thailand, where most have valid national identity cards.

“When the forest areas where we lived were declared protected, the essential factors for our livelihood became forbidden. We were forced to adapt to the modern world, starting with obtaining an ID card, which is the foundation of various rights that we should receive as Thai citizens,” said Maew, a young Mani man.

Historically, the Mani were a reclusive community, living in the depths of the forest and rarely interacting with the outside world. But as the concept of nation-states emerged, demanding the identification of every citizen, the Mani found themselves becoming outsiders among their own people.

The nearly 100 Mani who inhabit Khiri Wong, a village in Satun province, say they have seen their ability to travel to purchase food and other necessities reduced or restricted even, as their traditional way of life has disappeared in some areas.

While some Mani have adapted to the changing times – such as through obtaining Thai citizenship and getting educated – others have ventured out of the forest to seek employment and trade forest products. The once-temporary “thap” shelters, made from branches and leaves, are gradually being replaced by more permanent dwellings.

Volunteers from both public and private groups have come forward to assist Mani people in applying for government documentation, but they have hit a roadblock: Most Mani cannot communicate in Thai and use their own dialect.

In addition, some Mani groups are not interested in applying for the ID cards because unscrupulous people have taken advantage of them.